Pakistan’s Navy is set to commission its first Chinese-built Hangor-class submarine in 2026, marking a significant step forward in a $5 billion defense agreement with Beijing. The milestone highlights both countries’ deepening military and strategic partnership amid growing regional competition.
Admiral Naveed Ashraf told China’s Global Times that the eight-vessel deal — four built in China and four in Pakistan — is “progressing smoothly.” The submarines, based on China’s Type-039A Yuan-class design, will enhance Pakistan’s capacity to patrol the North Arabian Sea and protect vital trade routes.
Strengthening Pakistan-China Defense Cooperation
The Hangor-class submarines are diesel-electric attack vessels capable of deploying torpedoes and anti-ship missiles. Three of the submarines have already been launched in China’s Hubei province, while construction of the remaining four is underway in Karachi, aimed at transferring shipbuilding expertise to Pakistan.
Ashraf noted that the cooperation “goes beyond hardware,” describing it as a relationship built on mutual trust, training, and joint research. China already supplies over 60% of Pakistan’s military imports, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI).
Shifting Balance in the Indian Ocean
Defense analysts say the deal will reshape naval power dynamics in South Asia. With India expanding its fleet of nuclear and conventional submarines, Pakistan’s new capabilities are seen as a counterbalance.
“China’s submarine deliveries give Beijing a stronger foothold in the Indian Ocean,” said Collin Koh of Singapore’s RSIS. “For Pakistan, it provides a crucial technological and strategic edge amid regional tensions.”
The project also supports China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) by securing sea routes linked to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and the port of Gwadar, strengthening Beijing’s presence in the Arabian Sea.
Technology Transfer and Domestic Growth
Half of the submarines are being built at the Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works, boosting Pakistan’s local defense manufacturing. Pakistani engineers are being trained in Chinese facilities to master submarine production and maintenance.
“This collaboration will enhance our technological base and self-reliance,” Ashraf said, emphasizing plans for future joint production and AI-based naval technologies.
Regional Impact and Strategic Outlook
The submarines will serve as the backbone of Pakistan’s maritime defense, ensuring sea-lane security and enhancing deterrence against regional threats.
For China, the partnership consolidates its position as a key defense partner for developing nations, extending its influence from the South China Sea to the Arabian Gulf.
